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Enthalpy of a chemical reaction is a crucial concept in the field of thermodynamics, providing insights into the heat energy exchange during a chemical process. It allows scientists and engineers to determine the heat absorbed or released by a reaction, which has profound implications for various applications, such as designing efficient industrial processes or understanding the energy changes in biological systems. By understanding how to calculate the enthalpy of a chemical reaction, researchers can gain a better understanding of the energy transfers occurring within a system and optimize their experiments or processes accordingly. In this guide, we will explore the fundamental principles and step-by-step methods to accurately calculate the enthalpy of a chemical reaction, equipping readers with the necessary knowledge to perform these calculations in their own scientific endeavors.
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In any chemical reaction, heat can be either absorbed or released to the surroundings. The temperature of exchange between a chemical reaction and its surroundings is called the enthalpy of the reaction, denoted by H. However, H cannot be measured directly, measuring the change in temperature instead. The magnitude of the reaction over time is used to calculate the change in enthalpy over time (denoted ∆H ). Knowing the ∆H of a reaction, we can determine whether the reaction is endothermic (the heat of the reaction is taken from the environment) or exothermic (the heat of the reaction is released to the environment). Where m is the mass of the reactant, s is the specific heat of the product, ∆T is the change in temperature during the reaction, we have ∆H = m x s x ∆T .
Steps
Solving the Enthalpy Problem
- For example, find the enthalpy of the reaction that forms water from hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. 2H 2 (Hydrogen gas) + O 2 (Oxygen gas) → 2H 2 O (Water). In this reaction, H 2 and O 2 are the reactants, H 2 O are the products.
- In the above example, the reactants are hydrogen gas and oxygen gas, with densities of 2 grams and 32 grams, respectively. Since we use 2 mp of hydrogen (determined by the factor “2” before H 2 in the reaction, and 1 mp of oxygen (determined by the factor “1” before H 2 in the reaction), we get the total The mass of reactants is as follows:
2 × (2g) + 1 × (32g) = 4g + 32g = 36g
- Note, if the reaction equation has multiple products, you need to calculate the enthalpy for the component reactions to form each product, then add these values together to get the enthalpy of the entire reaction. .
- In the example of a reaction that forms water from hydrogen and oxygen gas, the final product of the reaction is water, the specific heat of water is about 4.2 Jun/gram °C .
- For the above water forming reaction, if the initial temperature of the reaction is 185K and when the reaction ends, the temperature is 95K. Thus, ∆T is calculated as follows:
∆T = T2 – T1 = 95K – 185K = -90K
- With the above example, we will calculate the enthalpy of the reaction as follows:
∆H = (36g) × (4.2 JK-1 g-1) × (-90K ) = -13,608 J
- In the example under consideration, the final result we get is -13608 J. Since the sign is negative, this reaction is ‘ exothermic . This makes perfect sense because — H 2 and O 2 are gaseous, while H 2 O, the product of the reaction, is liquid. Hot gases (which exist in the form of vapors) need to radiate energy to the environment as heat to a certain extent to convert to liquid form, that is, the formation of H 2 O will generate heat.
Estimating Enthalpy
- For example, consider the reaction H 2 + F 2 → 2HF. In this case, the energy to break the bond between two H atoms of H 2 molecule is 436 kJ/mp, the energy required to form F 2 is 158 kJ/mp. [1] XResearch Source So, the energy required to form HF from H and F is: -568 kJ/mp. [2] XResearch Source Multiply this by 2, since the product of the reaction is 2 HF, we get 2 × -568 = -1136 kJ/mp. Adding all these energy values together we get:
436 + 158 + -1136 = -542 kJ/mp .
- For example, consider the reaction C 2 H 5 OH + 3O 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O. In this case, we know the standard enthalpy values of the component reactions as follows: : [3] XResearch source rescue
C 2 H 5 OH → 2C + 3H 2 + 0.5O 2 = 228 kJ/mp
2C + 2O 2 → 2CO 2 = -394 × 2 = -788 kJ/mp
3H 2 + 1.5 O 2 → 3H 2 O = -286 × 3 = -858 kJ/mp
We can add these component reactions to get the reaction equation as C 2 H 5 OH + 3O 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O, this is the reaction we are looking for enthalpy, so we can Add the enthalpy of the component reactions above to get the enthalpy of the total reaction as follows:
228 + -788 + -858 = -1418 kJ/mp .
- In the above example, we can see that the reaction to form C 2 H 5 OH is used in the opposite direction. C 2 H 5 OH → 2C + 3H 2 + 0.5O 2 shows that C 2 H 5 OH is decomposed but not formed. Since we have reversed the direction of the reaction so that we can reasonably cancel out the components, we need to change the sign of the enthalpy of the reaction, so we get a value of 228 kJ/mp. Actually, the enthalpy of the reaction forming C 2 H 5 OH is -228 kJ/mp.
Observing Enthalpy Variations Experimentally
- To perform this experiment, prepare a small neutral flask. We’ll examine the enthalpy change effect of Alka-Seltzer (or any effervescent tablet) in water. So, the less water you use, the easier it is to notice a change in temperature.
- Suppose we measure the temperature of water as 10 degrees Celsius. In the next steps we will use this value to describe the principle of enthalpy.
- Assume the temperature when the tablet is completely dissolved is 8 degrees Celsius.
- In this example experiment, the temperature of the water was reduced by 2 degrees Celsius after the Alka-Selzter tablet had completely dissolved. This is completely consistent with the statement we make, that this is an exothermic reaction.
Advice
- The calculations here use the temperature unit Kelvin (K) – a temperature scale similar to Celsius. To convert from Celsius to Celsius, simply add or subtract 273: K = °C + 273.
- You do not need to use Alka-Seltzer, any effervescent tablet can be used in the above experiment.
wikiHow is a “wiki” site, which means that many of the articles here are written by multiple authors. To create this article, 10 people, some of whom are anonymous, have edited and improved the article over time.
There are 7 references cited in this article that you can view at the bottom of the page.
This article has been viewed 106,558 times.
In any chemical reaction, heat can be either absorbed or released to the surroundings. The temperature of exchange between a chemical reaction and its surroundings is called the enthalpy of the reaction, denoted by H. However, H cannot be measured directly, measuring the change in temperature instead. The magnitude of the reaction over time is used to calculate the change in enthalpy over time (denoted ∆H ). Knowing the ∆H of a reaction, we can determine whether the reaction is endothermic (the heat of the reaction is taken from the environment) or exothermic (the heat of the reaction is released to the environment). Where m is the mass of the reactant, s is the specific heat of the product, ∆T is the change in temperature during the reaction, we have ∆H = m x s x ∆T .
In conclusion, calculating the enthalpy of a chemical reaction is an essential aspect of understanding the energy changes that occur during a chemical process. By using Hess’s Law and the principles of thermochemistry, it is possible to determine the enthalpy change for a reaction. The key steps involved in this calculation include identifying the reactants and products, determining the enthalpy changes for known reactions, and using stoichiometry to relate the enthalpy changes with the desired reaction. Enthalpy calculations provide valuable information about the energy flow of a reaction, helping chemists to optimize and design chemical processes in various industries. By accurately determining the enthalpy of a chemical reaction, scientists can make informed decisions regarding reaction conditions, energy requirements, and overall efficiency.
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